Uma Apresentação Rara de COVID-19 com Embolia Pulmonar / A Rare Presentation of COVID-19 with Pulmonary Embolism

Resumo A doença de coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) foi relatada em quase todos os países do mundo desde dezembro de 2019. A infecção por SARS-CoV-2 é frequentemente assintomática ou com sintomas leves, mas também pode levar à hipóxia, um estado hiperinflamatório e coagulopatia. Os parâmetros de coagulação anormais estão associados a complicações trombóticas, incluindo embolia pulmonar na COVID-19, mas pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos. A semelhança dos sintomas iniciais de ambas as doenças também pode ser confusa, portanto, os médicos devem estar cientes do potencial para condições concomitantes. Apresentamos aqui um caso que não apresentava opacidades em vidro fosco nos pulmões, mas apresentava embolia pulmonar e derrame pleural em associação com infecção por COVID-19.

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported in almost every country in the world since December 2019. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is often asymptomatic or with mild symptoms, but it may also lead to hypoxia, a hyperinflammatory state, and coagulopathy. The abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with thrombotic complications, including pulmonary embolism in COVID-19, but little is known about the mechanisms. The similarity of initial symptoms of both diseases can also be confusing, therefore the physicians should be aware of the potential for concurrent conditions. Herein, we present a case who did not have ground-glass opacities in the lungs, yet presented with pulmonary embolism and pleural effusions in association with COVID-19 infection.

Síncope y paro cardiorrespiratorio, formas graves de presentación de la embolia pulmonar central: reporte de tres casos clínicos / Syncope and cardiorespiratory arrest, severe forms of presentation of central pulmonary embolism: report of three clinical cases / Síncope e parada cardiorrespiratória, formas graves de apresentação de embolia pulmonar central: relato de três casos clínicos

El tromboembolismo pulmonar tiene una presentación clínica variada. Es fundamental tener un alto índice de sospecha para arribar al diagnóstico oportuno. El síncope se asocia a casos graves y tiene importancia pronóstica. El tratamiento trombolítico es la piedra angular en el subgrupo de pacientes de alto riesgo. Se presentan tres casos clínicos de tromboembolia pulmonar de alto riesgo con el fin de discutir el escenario clínico de presentación y el tratamiento instaurado.

Pulmonary thromboembolism has a varied clinical presentation. It is essential to have a high index of suspicion to arrive at a timely diagnosis. Syncope is associated with severe cases and is of prognostic significance. Thrombolytic treatment is the cornerstone in the subgroup of high-risk patients. Three clinical cases of high-risk pulmonary thromboembolism are presented in order to discuss the clinical presentation scenario and the established treatment.

O tromboembolismo pulmonar tem a presentação clínica variada. É essencial ter um alto índice de suspeita para chegar a um diagnóstico oportuno. A síncope está associada a casos graves e tem significado prognóstico. O tratamento trombolítico é a pedra angular no subgrupo de pacientes de alto risco. São apresentados três casos clínicos de tromboembolismo pulmonar de alto risco para discutir o quadro clínico e o tratamento instituído.

Mixoma auricular izquierdo gigante que causa obstrucción valvular mitral, hipertensión pulmonar y tromboembolia pulmonar / Giant atrial myxoma causing mitral valve obstruction, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary thromboembolism

Resumen: Los tumores cardíacos pueden ser primarios o, más frecuentemente secundarios o metastásicos. Entre los tumores primarios es más frecuente el mixoma, cuya ubicación más común es en la aurícula izquierda. Las manifestaciones clínicas son diversas, producidas principalmente por obstrucción mecánica, embolizaciones, y manifestaciones constitucionales. Se comunica el caso de un paciente de 32 años, con cuadro clínico de insuficiencia cardíaca, hipertensión pulmonar severa y tromboembolismo pulmonar bilateral. Se hizo el diagnóstico de mixoma auricular izquierdo. Se resecó el tumor y se manejó la hipertensión pulmonar desde el ingreso al hospital con inhibidores de la fosfodiesterasa asociado a anticoagulación. Se discute el tema dando énfasis a aspectos fisiopatológicos involucrados tanto en la hipertensión pulmonar como en la presencia de tromboembolia pulmonar.

Abstract: Cardiac tumors may be primary or, more frequently secondary or associated to metastasis. Atril myxoma es the most frequent primary tumor, usually located in the left atrium. Clinical manifestations include those due to mitral valve occlusión, emboli and general non spedific symptoms and signs. Herein we report the clinical case of a 32 year old patient with severe pulmonary hypertension and bilateral pulmonary embolism. The tumor was extirpated, and he received phosphoro-diesterase inhiborts and anticoagulants. Subsequent clinical course was satisfactory. A brief discussion of this condicion is included.

Filtro de vena cava inferior, resultados a mediano y largo plazo / Inferior vena cava filter medium to long-term results

Resumen Introducción: El tromboembolismo pulmonar sin tratamiento, presenta un riesgo de recurrencia del 20%, con una mortalidad del 18% al 26%, en pacientes con embolia pulmonar donde esta contraindica o fracasa la anticoagulación, es necesario interrumpir parcialmente la vena cava inferior, siendo los filtros de vena cava la alternativa más utilizada. Objetivo: Analizar las variables epidemiológicas involucradas en la enfermedad tromboembólica y los resultados de la inserción del filtro de vena cava inferior. Materiales y Método: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo, donde se analiza la inserción sucesiva de 82 filtros de vena cava inferior, en un período de 10 años (2009 al 2019), en el Hospital Dr. Eduardo Pereira de Valparaíso, Chile. Resultados: Sexo femenino 53,6%, edad promedio 60,4 años (rango 19-86), la principal causa para desarrollar enfermedad tromboembólica fueron las enfermedades oncológicas (56,09%), la principal vía de acceso fue la vena femoral común (69,51%), localización del filtro suprarrenal (4,87%), se obtuvo un seguimiento actualizado en el 89,02%, la supervivencia a 5 años fue de 73,17% y a 10 años de 57,32%, morbilidad en relación al procedimiento (9,75%), éxito del procedimiento (97,5%), no hubo mortalidad relacionada. Discusión: Los grandes ensayos, demuestran el beneficio de la interrupción de la vena cava inferior mediante filtros, especialmente en pacientes oncológicos, con elevado riesgo de embolia pulmonar. Conclusión: La inserción de un filtro de vena cava inferior, adecuadamente indicado, es un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo, de bajo riesgo y con excelentes resultados en la profilaxis de la embolia pulmonar.

Introduction: Pulmonary thromboembolism without treatment presents a risk of recurrence of 20%, with a mortality of 18% to 26%. In patients with pulmonary embolism, when anticoagulation therapy is contraindicated or failed, it is necessary to intervene partially the inferior vena cava on which cava vein filters are the main used alternative. Aim: Analyze the epidemiological variables involved on thromboembolic disease, and the outcomes of the inferior vena cava filter insertions. Materials and Method: Retrospective, observational and descriptive study, which analyzes the successive insertion of 82 inferior vena cava filters, over a period of 10 years (2009 to 2019), in the Dr. Eduardo Pereira Hospital, Valparaíso, Chile. Results: Female sex 53.6%, average age 60.4 years (range 19-86), the main cause to develop thromboembolic disease were oncological diseases (56.09%); the main access path was the common femoral vein (69.51%); in a 4.87% the location of the filter was suprarenal. Complete follow-up was obtained in 89.02% of the cases, 5-year survival with 73.17% ratio and 10-years survival of 57.32%, morbidity in relation to the procedure was 9.75%; success of the procedure 97.5%; there was no mortality related. Discussion: Large studies demonstrate the benefits of interruption on the inferior vena cava through filters, especially in cancer patients with high risk of pulmonary embolism. Conclusion: The insertion of an inferior vena cava filter when indication is adequate, is a minimally invasive procedure with low risk and excellent results in the prophylaxis of pulmonary embolism.

Pulmonary thromboembolism in conjunction with intracavitary thrombus caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection in a patient living with human immunodeficiency virus

Abstract Approximately one-third of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) present with coagulation disorders and hematological changes. However, the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and prognoses of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remain controversial. This study reports the case of a 27-year-old HIV-infected man who regularly used antiretroviral medications, had no other comorbidities and was admitted for acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by COVID-19. Complementary examinations during hospitalization revealed a diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism in association with an intracavitary thrombus.

Embolia pulmonar aguda extensa como complicação de COVID-19 oligossintomática: relato de caso / Extensive pulmonary embolism as complication of oligosymptomatic COVID-19: case report

Resumo Apesar de a fisiopatologia da coagulopatia associada à doença do coronavírus 2019 (COVID‐19) não ser bem conhecida, a ocorrência de embolia pulmonar (EP) é frequentemente observada. No entanto, foram descritos na literatura poucos casos de pacientes que tiveram COVID-19 oligossintomática, sem nenhum fator de risco para tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) e que apresentaram EP aguda extensa. Relatamos um caso de paciente com COVID-19 oligossintomática, complicada por trombose venosa profunda e, posteriormente, EP aguda extensa, sugerindo que esses quadros devem ser considerados de forma sistemática mesmo em pacientes com COVID-19 oligossintomática e sem fatores de risco conhecidos para TEV.

Abstract Although the pathophysiology of coagulopathy associated with the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is not well known, occurrence of pulmonary embolism (PE) is frequently observed. However, few cases have been described in the literature in which patients who had asymptomatic COVID-19, with no risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE), presented extensive acute PE. We report the case of a patient with asymptomatic COVID-19, complicated by deep vein thrombosis and later by extensive acute PE, suggesting that these conditions should be systematically considered, even in asymptomatic COVID-19 patients with no known risk factors for VTE.

Tromboembolismo tumoral como causa directa de muerte / Tumor thromboembolism as direct cause of death

Introducción: el embolismo tumoral pulmonar es la presencia de acúmulos de células tumorales en las arterias pulmonares arteriolas y capilares pulmonares. Su incidencia en autopsias ha sido descrita entre 3 y 26 por ciento de los pacientes con tumores sólidos, más frecuentemente de mama, estómago, hígado y pulmón. Objetivo: describir los argumentos clínicos que sugieren la sospecha diagnóstica de tromboembolismo tumoral en una paciente atendida en el Hospital Dr. Carlos J Finlay de La Habana, Cuba. Presentación del caso: paciente femenina de 80 años de edad con antecedentes patológicos personales de cirrosis hepática por virus de hepatitis C. Dos meses antes del ingreso comienza con síntomas generales asociados a edemas en miembros inferiores y diarreas. Ingresa en un servicio de Medicina Interna con el diagnóstico de cirrosis hepática descompensada y la sospecha de hepatocarcinoma. Al quinto día de su ingreso comienza de forma súbita con disnea y fallece. Conclusiones: los hallazgos anatomopatológicos informan como causa directa de muerte tromboembolismo tumoral. La embolia pulmonar tumoral debe ser considerada como diagnóstico diferencial en todo paciente con evidencia de neoplasia que presente disnea(AU)

Introduction: Pulmonary tumor thromboembolism is the presence of accumulations of tumor cells in the pulmonary arterioles and pulmonary capillaries. Its incidence in autopsies has been described between 3 percent and 26 percent of patients with solid tumors, most frequently in breast, stomach, liver and lung tumors. Objective: To describe clinical arguments suggesting the suspected diagnosis of tumor thromboembolism in a patient treated at the "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay'' Hospital in Havana, Cuba. Case presentation: Eighty-year-old female patient with personal pathological antecedents of liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus. Two months before admission she started presenting general symptoms associated with edemaof the lower limbs and diarrhea. She was admitted to an Internal Medicine service with the diagnosis of decompensated hepatic cirrhosis and the suspicion of hepatocarcinoma. On the fifth day after admission, he suddenly began with dyspnea and died. Conclusions: Anatomopathological findings report tumor thromboembolism as a direct cause of death. Pulmonary tumor thromboembolism should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all patients with evidence of neoplasia who are presenting dyspnea(AU)

Embolismo pulmonar séptico asociado a artritis de rodilla - reporte de caso / Septic pulmonary embolism associated to knee septic arthritis - case report

Presenting the case of a previously healthy eleven-year-old girl, diagnosed with septic arthritis of the left knee as a result of stabbing trauma, which subsequently develops respiratory distress and fever. Septic pulmonary embolism is diagnosed radiologically and by pathological study. Receive adequate antibiotic treatment, recovering completely. Septic pulmonary embolism, although frequently described in the adult population, is a condition rarely described in pediatric literature.

Se presenta el caso de una niña de once años previamente sana, con diagnóstico de artritis séptica de rodilla izquierda como resultado de un traumatismo punzante, que posteriormente desarrolla dificultad respiratoria y fiebre. Se diagnostica embolia pulmonar séptica documentada radiológicamente y por estudio anatomopatológico. Recibe tratamiento antibiótico adecuado, recuperándose completamente. La embolia pulmonar séptica, aunque frecuentemente descrita en población adulta, es una condición raramente descrita en la literatura pediátrica.

Tromboembolia pulmonar como complicación de COVID-19 en el puerperio. Reporte de un caso / Pulmonary thromboembolism as a complication of COVID-19 in the puerperium. Report of a case

December 31,2019 an outbreak of pneumonía caused by a new coronavirus designated as SARS-CoV-2 was detected in the city of Wuhan (China). From a clinical point of view, it was found that patients can develop from a mild condition in the upper respiratory tract to severe pneumonía that are associated with respiratory distress progressing to severe respiratory failure. It has been described that the infection predisposes to hypercoagulability phenomena and venous thrombosis, recognizing pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) as the most frequent. Pregnancy is a physiological state with a high risk for the development of thromboembolic complications, increasing the risk factors for PTE during delivery and the puerperium. In the context of the association of SARS- CoV-2 infection and pregnancy, there are few reports around the world as it is a recent pathology. In Mexico, according to official epidemiological records, COVID-19 has become the leading cause of maternal death, surpassing preclimactic events and obstetric hemorrhage, which until a few months ago were the leading cause. We present the case of a patient diagnosed with the new coronavirus who, during the middle puerperium, develops pulmonary thromboembolism, causing her death.

El 31 de diciembre de 2019, se detectó en la ciudad de Wuhan (China) un brote de neumonía por un nuevo coronavirus designado como SARS-CoV-2. Desde el punto de vista clínico se encontró que los pacientes pueden desarrollar desde un cuadro leve de afección en vías respiratorias altas hasta cuadros de neumonía grave que se asocian a distrés respiratorio progresando a insuficiencia respiratoria grave. Se ha descrito que la infección predispone a fenómenos de hipercoagulabilidad y trombosis de localización venosa, reconociendo el tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) como el más frecuente. El embarazo es un estado fisiológico con alto riesgo para el desarrollo de complicaciones tromboembólicas, aumentando los factores de riesgo para TEP durante el parto y puerperio. En el contexto de la asociación de infección por SARS-CoV-2 y embarazo existen pocos informes alrededor del mundo al ser una patología reciente. En México, según registros epidemiológicos oficiales, el COVID-19 se ha convertido en la principal causa de muerte materna superando a los eventos preclámpticos y la hemorragia obstétrica, que hasta hace algunos meses, eran la primera causa. Se presenta el caso de una paciente diagnosticada con el nuevo coronavirus que, en el curso del puerperio mediato, desarrolla tromboembolia pulmonar causándole la muerte.

Acometimento pulmonar e articular secundário à síndrome de Lemierre: relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Pulmonary and joint involvement secondary to Lemierre syndrome: case report and literature review

A síndrome de Lemierre caracteriza-se por uma rara entidade que gera tromboflebite da veia jugular interna e embolismo séptico em história da infecção recente da orofaringe, além de sinais radiológicos e isolamento de patógenos anaeróbicos, principalmente Fusobacterium necrophorum. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 13 anos de idade, com histórico de carcinoma de nasofaringe associado ao vírus Epstein-Barr (estadiamento T4N2M0), submetida a procedimentos cirúrgicos e quimiorradioterapia. Iniciou com queixa de mialgia intensa, diplopia, lesões infectadas em membros e choque séptico. Por meio de exames de ultrassonografia cervical com Doppler colorido e tomografia computadorizada de pescoço com contraste endovenoso, foram identificados trombos intraluminais na veia jugular interna, além de trombos sépticos pulmonares, por meio da tomografia computadorizada de tórax. Posteriormente, ainda evoluiu com artrite piogênica coxofemoral esquerda. Foi isolada, por hemocultura, a bactéria Klebsiella pneumoniae Carpemenase, e o tratamento se deu pela associação entre vancomicina, amicacina, meropenem, metronidazol e anfotericina B. Conclui-se que, após o diagnóstico de SL e, embora com múltiplas complicações e diagnóstico tardio, a paciente encontra-se bem e assintomática, além do relato comprovar a dificuldade diagnóstica e de seu tratamento

Lemierre's syndrome is a rare condition that leads to thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and septic embolism following recent oropharyngeal infection, being characterized by radiological signs and isolation of anaerobic pathogens, especially Fusobacterium necrophorum. We report the case of a 13-year-old female patient with history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with Epstein-Barr virus (T4N2M0 staging), who underwent surgical procedures and chemoradiotherapy. Her initial complaint was severe myalgia, diplopia, infected limb injuries, and septic shock. Cervical color Doppler ultrasound and computed tomography scan of the neck with intravenous contrast showed intraluminal thrombi in the internal jugular vein, and chest computed tomography showed pulmonary septic thrombi. Subsequently, she progressed with left coxofemoral pyogenic arthritis. The bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae Carpemenase was isolated in blood culture, and the patient was treated with the association of vancomycin, amikacin, meropenem, metronidazole, and amphotericin B. It is concluded that, despite the multiple complications and late diagnosis, the patient is well and asymptomatic after the diagnosis of Lemierre's syndrome; in addition, the report proves the difficulty of diagnosis and treatme

Tromboembolismo venoso na mulher: novos desafios para uma velha doença / Venous thromboembolism in women: new challenges for an old disease

Resumo Nos países que controlaram as causas clássicas de óbito materno, como eclâmpsia e hemorragia, o tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) passou a ser a principal preocupação. A prevenção do TEV na gestação e no puerpério, por meio de diretrizes e da instituição de farmacoprofilaxia, é ainda a melhor estratégia para reduzir essa complicação. Os contraceptivos hormonais e a terapia de reposição hormonal também aumentam o risco de TEV; porém, as mulheres não podem ser privadas dos benefícios dessas terapias, que as tornam mais livres na idade fértil e menos sintomáticas na menopausa. Tanto o uso indiscriminado quanto a proibição imotivada são inadequados. A escolha dos métodos contraceptivos e de reposição deve ser feita por criteriosa seleção, avaliando as contraindicações, os critérios de elegibilidade e a autonomia das pacientes. O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão não sistemática da literatura recente visando a avaliar e resumir a associação entre TEV e situações clínicas peculiares ao sexo feminino.

Abstract In countries that have controlled classic causes of maternal death, such as eclampsia and hemorrhage, venous thromboembolism (VTE) has become the major concern. Prevention of VTE during pregnancy and postpartum by applying guidelines and implementing pharmacoprophylaxis is still the best strategy to reduce occurrence of this complication. Hormonal contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy also increase the risk of VTE, but women cannot be deprived of their benefits, which increase their freedom at childbearing age and reduce their symptoms at menopause. Both indiscriminate use and unmotivated prohibition are inappropriate. Contraceptive and hormone replacement methods should be chosen with care, evaluating the patients' contraindications, eligibility criteria, and autonomy. This article presents a nonsystematic review of recent literature with the aim of evaluating and summarizing the associations between VTE and clinical situations peculiar to women.

Tromboembolismo pulmonar masivo paciente neumonía COVID-19 positivo / Massive pulmonary embolism in a COVID-19 patient

In December 2019, the infection with COVID-19 was released from the city of Wuhan, China, spreading throughout the world these last months of 2020. Affected patients develop bilateral interstitial pneumonia that, in some cases, evolve into severe forms of respiratory distress syndrome, therefore requiring admission to Intensive Care Units, whose mortality rate is between 20-60%. In these critically ill patients, the massive release of proinflammatory mediators known as cytokine storm is described as one of the causes of poor prognosis, predisposing the development of multi-organ failure. Another of the markers of poor prognosis studied in ICU patients with COVID-19 infection is D-dimer. Serious infection is accompanied by alterations in coagulation factors, associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation processes. We present the case of a patient diagnosed with massive pulmonary thromboembolism and secondary multiple organ failure, in the context of severe COVID infection 19.

En diciembre de 2019 se dió a conocer la infección por COVID-19, desde la ciudad de Wuhan en China, extendiéndose por todo el mundo a lo largo de estos últimos meses del año 2020. Los pacientes afectados desarrollan neumonías bilaterales intersticiales que, en algunos casos, evolucionan a formas graves de síndrome de distrés respiratorio, requiriendo por ello ingreso en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, cuya mortalidad se encuentra entre el 20-60%. En estos pacientes críticos, se describe como una de las causas de mal pronóstico la liberación masiva de mediadores proinflamatorios conocida como tormenta de citoquinas, predisponiendo el desarrollo de fracaso multiorgánico. Otro de los marcadores de mal pronóstico estudiado en los pacientes de UCI con infección por COVID-19 es el dímero D. La infección grave se acompaña de alteraciones en los factores de coagulación, asociándose a procesos de coagulación diseminada. Presentamos el caso de un paciente diagnosticado de tromboembolismo pulmonar masivo y fracaso multiorgánico secundario, en contexto de infección grave por COVID-19.

Avaliação clínica e endoscópica em pacientes com sintomas gastroesofágicos / Clinical and endoscopic evaluation in patients with gastroesophageal symptoms

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common esophageal disease in medical practice, and it is suspected according to patients' symptoms. GERD can be classified in erosive esophagitis (EE) according to the presence of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy findings. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate endoscopic findings in patients with symptoms suggestive of GERD comparing epicemiological and risk factors. METHODS: Upper endoscopy reports were examined retrospectively from patients with symptoms of GERD such as heartburn, regurgitation, cough, throat clearing, globus and chest pain. EE was determined based on Los Angeles classification. Comparisons between risk factors in EE and non-EE groups were done with statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 984 endoscopic reports were examined and 676 selected for analysis (281 with EE and 395 with non-EE form). Most were female 381 (56.36%) with a mean age of 44.01±15.40 years. Hiatal hernia was present in 47(6.96%) and smoking in 41(6.07%). Univariate logistic regression showed that male (OR=2.24, CI 95%, 1.63-3.06) and hiatal hernia (OR=4.52, CI 95%, 2.30-8.89) were independent predictors of erosions in the EE group. The presence of hiatal hernia (OR=12.04, CI 95%, 3.57-40.62), smoking (OR=8.46, CI 95%, 3.28-31.32) and aged patients (OR=8.01, CI 95%, 2.42-26.49) were also indicated as a risk factor for severe EE (grades C and D of Los Angeles). CONCLUSION Male gender and hiatal hernia were associated with EE. Aged patients, smoking and hiatal hernia were related to severe EE. It is suggested that the risk factors for EE and non-EE types are different. Cohort studies are necessary to identify the exact mechanisms involved in each disease form.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) é uma das doenças digestivas mais comuns na prática médica e deve ser suspeitada de acordo com os seus sintomas clínicos, podendo ser classificada em esofagite erosiva (EE) de acordo com os achados de endoscopia. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os achados endoscópicos em pacientes com sintomas sugestivos de DGRE comparando fatores de risco e epidemiológicos. MÉTODOS: Resultados de endoscopias digestiva foram examinados retrospectivamente de pacientes com sintomas relacionados com DRGE como pirose, regurgitação, tosse, pigarro, globus e dor torácica. EE foi determinada de acordo com a classificação de Los Angeles. Comparação de fatores de risco entre os grupos EE e não-EE foram feitos com análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Um total de 984 endoscopias foram examinadas e 676 endoscopias selecionadas para análise (281 com EE e 395 sem EE). A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino 381 (56,36%) com uma idade média de 44,01±15,40 anos. Hérnia hiatal esteve presente em 47 (6,96%) e tabagismo em 41 (6,07%). Regressão logística uni variada mostrou que sexo masculino (OR=2,24 - IC 95%: 1,63-3,06) e hérnia hiatal (OR=4,52 - CI 95%: 2,30-8,89) foram fatores de risco independentes de EE. A presença de hérnia hiatal (OR=12,04 - CI 95%: 3,57-40,62), tabagismo (OR=8,46 - CI 95%: 3,28-31,32) e pacientes idosos (OR=8,01 - CI 95%, 2,42-26,49) foram fatores de risco no grupo de EE grave (classes C e D de Los Angeles). CONCLUSÃO: Sexo masculino e hérnia hiatal foram associados com EE. Idade avançada, tabagismo e hérnia hiatal foram relacionados à forma grave de EE. É sugerido que os fatores de risco de pacientes com e sem EE sejam diferentes. Estudos de coorte são necessários para identificar os mecanismos exatos envolvidos em cada forma da doença.

Segurança e eficácia do uso de cianoacrilato + coil guiado por ultrassom endoscópico versus técnica convencional de cianoacrilato no tratamento de varizes gástricas: um ensaio clínico randomizado / Safety and efficacy of eus-guided coil plus cyanoacrylate versus conventional cyanoacrylate technique in the treatment of gastric varices: a randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: One of the most feared complications with the use of cyanoacrylate for treatment of gastric varices is the occurrence of potentially life-threatening systemic embolism. Thus, endoscopists are turning towards new techniques, including endoscopic coiling, as a potentially safer and more effective treatment option. However, no studies have been performed comparing the two techniques. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare the safety and efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound guided coil and cyanoacrylate injection versus the conventional technique of injection of cyanoacrylate alone. DESIGN: A pilot randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Patients randomized into group I were treated with coil and cyanoacrylate, and those in group II with cyanoacrylate alone. Flow within the varix was evaluated immediately after the treatment session and one month following initial treatment. If thrombosis was confirmed, additional follow-up was performed 4 and 10 months following initial treatment. All patients underwent a thoracic computerized tomography scan after the procedure. RESULTS: A total of 32 patients, 16 in each group, were followed for an average of 9.9 months (range 1-26 months). Immediately after the procedure, 6 (37.5%) group-I patients and 8 (50%) group-II patients presented total flow reduction in the treated vessel (P=0.476). After 30 days, 11 (73.3%) group-I patients and 12 (75%) group-II patients were found to have varix thrombosis. In both groups, the majority of patients required only one single session for varix obliteration (73.3% in group I versus 80% in group II). Asymptomatic pulmonary embolism occurred in 4 (25%) group-I patients and 8 (50%) group-II patients (P=0.144). No significant difference between the groups was observed. CONCLUSION: There is no statistical difference between endoscopic ultrasound guided coils plus cyanoacrylate versus conventional cyanoacrylate technique in relation to the incidence of embolism. However, a greater tendency towards embolism was observed in the group treated using the conventional technique. Both techniques have similar efficacy in the obliteration of varices. Given the small sample size of our pilot data, our results are insufficient to prove the clinical benefit of the combined technique, and do not yet justify its use, especially in light of higher cost. Further studies with larger sample size are warranted.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Uma das complicações mais temidas com o uso de cianoacrilato para tratamento de varizes gástricas é a ocorrência de embolia sistêmica potencialmente fatal. Assim, os endoscopistas estão se aprimorando com novas técnicas, incluindo o uso de coils endoscópico, como uma opção de tratamento potencialmente mais segura e eficaz. No entanto, nenhum estudo foi realizado comparando as duas técnicas. OBJETIVO: Este estudo tem como objetivo comparar a segurança e eficácia da injeção de coil com cianoacrilato guiados por ultrassom endoscópico versus a técnica convencional de injeção de cianoacrilato. DESIGN: Um ensaio piloto controlado aleatoriamente. MÉTODOS: Os pacientes randomizados para o grupo I foram tratados com coil + cianoacrilato e os do grupo II apenas com cianoacrilato. O fluxo dentro da variz foi avaliado imediatamente após a sessão de tratamento e um mês após o tratamento inicial. Se a trombose foi confirmada, o acompanhamento adicional era realizado em 4 e 10 meses após o tratamento inicial. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a uma tomografia computadorizada torácica após o procedimento. RESULTADOS: Um total de 32 pacientes, 16 em cada grupo, foram acompanhados por uma média de 9,9 meses (variação de 1-26 meses). Imediatamente após o procedimento, 6 (37,5%) pacientes do grupo I e 8 (50%) pacientes do grupo II apresentaram redução total do fluxo no vaso tratado (P=0,476). Após 30 dias, 11 (73,3%) pacientes do grupo I e 12 (75%) pacientes do grupo II apresentaram trombose da variz. Em ambos os grupos, a maioria dos pacientes necessitou de apenas uma única sessão para obliteração da variz (73,3% no grupo I versus 80% no grupo II). Embolia pulmonar assintomática ocorreu em 4 (25%) pacientes do grupo I e em 8 (50%) pacientes no grupo II (P=0,144). Nenhuma diferença significativa entre os grupos foi observada. CONCLUSÃO Apesar de não haver diferença estatística entre os dois grupos em relação à incidência de embolia neste estudo piloto, observou-se maior tendência de embolia no grupo tratado pela técnica convencional.

Filtros de vena cava para prevenir a tiempo / Vena cava filters for timely prevention

Introducción: Los filtros de vena cava son dispositivos metálicos diseñados especialmente para ser colocados en la vena cava inferior, ante el riesgo de tromboembolismo pulmonar por trombosis venosa profunda. Objetivo: Mostrar una actualización de las características de los filtros de vena cava y su colocación. Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica realizada entre 2010-2016 en las bases de datos: Medline, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, así como en el metabuscador Google. Se consultaron estudios de cohorte, prospectivos, retrospectivos, clínicos, epidemiológicos, metaanálisis, revisiones bibliográficas y ensayos clínicos. Resultados: se describieron y usaron por primera vez en 1967 en Estados Unidos de Norteamérica. Estos dispositivos se implementan por vía percutánea y producen una interrupción mecánica parcial del flujo sanguíneo de la vena cava inferior. Actualmente, existen filtros de tres tipos: permanentes, temporales y mixtos. El factor más importante de cualquier filtro es el grado de atrapamiento de los coágulos, grado de acceso a la vena cava y de oclusión, riesgo de embolización, grado de integridad mecánica y facilidad para su colocación. Las complicaciones de los filtros pueden ocurrir de modo inmediato o a largo plazo, con un promedio de 0,3 por ciento de complicaciones mayores y menos de 0,2 por ciento de los pacientes fallecen como resultado de la colocación del filtro. Conclusiones: A pesar de su efectividad demostrada, no existen publicaciones en Cuba que avalen su uso. Por su importancia y capacidad resolutiva se sugiere que esta técnica debe comenzarse a aplicar, de manera habitual, en los centros hospitalarios de atención secundaria y terciaria del país(AU)

Introduction: Vena cava filters are special metallic devices designed specially to be placed in the inferior cava vein in view of imminent risk of pulmonary tromboembolism by deep venous thrombosis. Objective: To update the state of vena cava filters and their placement. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out in the years 2010 to 2016 in Medline, Cochrane Library and Lilacs data bases, as well as in Google search engine. There were consulted cohort, prospective, retrospective, clinical and epidemiological studies, meta-analysis, bibliographic reviews and clinical trials. Results: Vena cava filters were described and used for the first time in 1967 in the United States of America. The filters can be placed percutaneously and produce a partial mechanical disruption of the inferior cava vein flow. There are 3 kinds of filters in the market: permanent, temporal and mixed. The key factors of a filter are clot trapping capacity, access to the vena cava and occlusion capacity; also embolization, mechanical integrity grade, and placement feasibility. Complications by the filter may occur immediately or in a long term, with an average of 0, 3 percent in major complications, and less than 0,2 percent of mortality rate due to the placement of the filter. Conclusion: In spite of its proven benefits, there is not existence in Cuba of publications that guarantee its use. Because of its importance and resolvent capacity, it is suggested that this technique should start to be usually used in secondary and tertiary level hospitals in Cuba(AU)